| | otherwise than as a result of the acquisition of the property of one company by another company pursuant to the purchase of such property by the other company or as a result of the distribution of such property to the other company after the winding up of the first-mentioned company; |
| (1C) | | "Additional Commissioner" means a person appointed to be an Additional Commissioner of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117; |
| (1D) | | "Additional Director" means a person appointed to be an Additional Director of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117; |
| (2) | | "annual value", in relation to any property, means its annual value as determined under section 23; |
| (3) | | [***] |
| (4) | | "Appellate Tribunal" means the Appellate Tribunal constituted under section 252 ; |
| (5) | | "approved gratuity fund" means a gratuity fund which has been and continues to be approved by the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Commissioner or Commissioner in accordance with the rules contained in Part C of the Fourth Schedule ; |
| (6) | | "approved superannuation fund" means a superannuation fund or any part of a superannuation fund which has been and continues to be approved by the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Commissioner or Commissioner in accordance with the rules contained in Part B of the Fourth Schedule ; |
| (7) | | "assessee" means a person by whom any tax or any other sum of money is payable under this Act, and includes— |
| (7A) | | "Assessing Officer" means the Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Director or Deputy Director or the Income-tax Officer who is vested with the relevant jurisdiction by virtue of directions or orders issued under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 120 or any other provision of this Act, and the Additional Commissioner or Additional Director or Joint Commissioner or Joint Director who is directed under clause (b) of sub-section (4) of that section to exercise or perform all or any of the powers and functions conferred on, or assigned to, an Assessing Officer under this Act ; |
| (8) | | "assessment" includes reassessment ; |
| (9) | | "assessment year" means the period of twelve months commencing on the 1st day of April every year ; |
| (9A) | | "Assistant Commissioner" means a person appointed to be an Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax or a Deputy Commissioner of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117 ; |
| (9B) | | "Assistant Director" means a person appointed to be an Assistant Director of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117 ; |
| (10) | | "average rate of income-tax" means the rate arrived at by dividing the amount of income-tax calculated on the total income, by such total income ; |
| (11) | | "block of assets" means a group of assets falling within a class of assets comprising— |
| | in respect of which the same percentage of depreciation is prescribed ; |
| (12) | | "Board" means the Central Board of Direct Taxes constituted under the Central Boards of Revenue Act, 1963 (54 of 1963) ; |
| (12A) | | "books or books of account" includes ledgers, day-books, cash books, account-books and other books, whether kept in the written form or in electronic form or in digital form or as print-outs of data stored in such electronic form or in digital form or in a floppy, disc, tape or any other form of electro-magnetic data storage device; |
| (13) | | "business" includes any trade, commerce or manufacture or any adventure or concern in the nature of trade, commerce or manufacture; |
| (13A) | | "business trust" means a trust registered as,— |
| (15) | | "charitable purpose" includes relief of the poor, education, yoga, medical relief, preservation of environment (including watersheds, forests and wildlife) and preservation of monuments or places or objects of artistic or historic interest, and the advancement of any other object of general public utility: |
| | Provided that the advancement of any other object of general public utility shall not be a charitable purpose, if it involves the carrying on of any activity in the nature of trade, commerce or business, or any activity of rendering any service in relation to any trade, commerce or business, for a cess or fee or any other consideration, irrespective of the nature of use or application, or retention, of the income from such activity, unless— |
| (i) | | any Indian company, or |
| (ii) | | any body corporate incorporated by or under the laws of a country outside India, or |
| (iii) | | any institution, association or body which is or was assessable or was assessed as a company for any assessment year under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922) or which is or was assessable or was assessed under this Act as a company for any assessment year commencing on or before the 1st day of April, 1970, or |
| (iv) | | any institution, association or body, whether incorporated or not and whether Indian or non-Indian, which is declared by general or special order of the Board to be a company : |
| | Provided that such institution, association or body shall be deemed to be a company only for such assessment year or assessment years (whether commencing before the 1st day of April, 1971 or on or after that date) as may be specified in the declaration ; |
| (a) | | if it is a company owned by the Government or the Reserve Bank of India or in which not less than forty per cent of the shares are held (whether singly or taken together) by the Government or the Reserve Bank of India or a corporation owned by that bank ; or |
| (aa) | | if it is a company which is registered under section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) ; or |
| (ab) | | if it is a company having no share capital and if, having regard to its objects, the nature and composition of its membership and other relevant considerations, it is declared by order of the Board to be a company in which the public are substantially interested : |
| | Provided that such company shall be deemed to be a company in which the public are substantially interested only for such assessment year or assessment years (whether commencing before the 1st day of April, 1971, or on or after that date) as may be specified in the declaration ; or |
| (ac) | | if it is a mutual benefit finance company, that is to say, a company which carries on, as its principal business, the business of acceptance of deposits from its members and which is declared by the Central Government under section 620A of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), to be a Nidhi or Mutual Benefit Society ; or |
| (ad) | | if it is a company, wherein shares (not being shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend whether with or without a further right to participate in profits) carrying not less than fifty per cent of the voting power have been allotted unconditionally to, or acquired unconditionally by, and were throughout the relevant previous year beneficially held by, one or more co-operative societies ; |
| (b) | | if it is a company which is not a private company as defined in the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), and the conditions specified either in item (A) or in item (B) are fulfilled, namely :— |
| (i) | | all the property of the undertaking, being transferred by the demerged company, immediately before the demerger, becomes the property of the resulting company by virtue of the demerger; |
| (ii) | | all the liabilities relatable to the undertaking, being transferred by the demerged company, immediately before the demerger, become the liabilities of the resulting company by virtue of the demerger; |
| (iii) | | the property and the liabilities of the undertaking or undertakings being transferred by the demerged company are transferred at values appearing in its books of account immediately before the demerger: |
| | Provided that the provisions of this sub-clause shall not apply where the resulting company records the value of the property and the liabilities of the undertaking or undertakings at a value different from the value appearing in the books of account of the demerged company, immediately before the demerger, in compliance to the Indian Accounting Standards specified in Annexure to the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015; |
| (iv) | | the resulting company issues, in consideration of the demerger, its shares to the shareholders of the demerged company on a proportionate basis except where the resulting company itself is a shareholder of the demerged company; |
| (v) | | the shareholders holding not less than three-fourths in value of the shares in the demerged company (other than shares already held therein immediately before the demerger, or by a nominee for, the resulting company or, its subsidiary) become share-holders of the resulting company or companies by virtue of the demerger, |
| | otherwise than as a result of the acquisition of the property or assets of the demerged company or any undertaking thereof by the resulting company; |
| (vi) | | the transfer of the undertaking is on a going concern basis; |
| (vii) | | the demerger is in accordance with the conditions, if any, notified under sub-section (5) of section 72A by the Central Government in this behalf. |
| | Explanation 3.—For determining the value of the property referred to in sub-clause (iii), any change in the value of assets consequent to their revaluation shall be ignored. |
| | Explanation 4.—For the purposes of this clause, the splitting up or the reconstruction of any authority or a body constituted or established under a Central, State or Provincial Act, or a local authority or a public sector company, into separate authorities or bodies or local authorities or companies, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be a demerger if such split up or reconstruction fulfils such conditions as may be notified in the Official Gazette, by the Central Government. |
| | Explanation 5.—For the purposes of this clause, the reconstruction or splitting up of a company, which ceased to be a public sector company as a result of transfer of its shares by the Central Government, into separate companies, shall be deemed to be a demerger, if such reconstruction or splitting up has been made to give effect to any condition attached to the said transfer of shares and also fulfils such other conditions as may be notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette. |
| | Explanation 6.—For the purposes of this clause, the reconstruction or splitting up of a public sector company into separate companies shall be deemed to be a demerger, if such reconstruction or splitting up has been made to transfer any asset of the demerged company to the resulting company and the resulting company— |
| (19AAA) | | "demerged company" means the company whose undertaking is transferred, pursuant to a demerger, to a resulting company; |
| (19B) | | "Deputy Commissioner (Appeals)" means a person appointed to be a Deputy Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) 1a[***] under sub-section (1) of section 117 ; |
| (19C) | | "Deputy Director" means a person appointed to be a Deputy Director of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117 ; |
| (20) | | "director", "manager" and "managing agent", in relation to a company, have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) ; |
| (21) | | "Director General or Director" means a person appointed to be a Director General of Income-tax or a Principal Director General of Income-tax or, as the case may be, a Director of Income-tax or a Principal Director of Income-tax, under sub-section (1) of section 117, and includes a person appointed under that sub-section to be an Additional Director of Income-tax or a Joint Director of Income-tax or an Assistant Director or Deputy Director of Income-tax; |
| (22) | | "dividend" includes— |
| (a) | | any distribution by a company of accumulated profits, whether capitalised or not, if such distribution entails the release by the company to its shareholders of all or any part of the assets of the company ; |
| (b) | | any distribution to its shareholders by a company of debentures, debenture-stock, or deposit certificates in any form, whether with or without interest, and any distribution to its preference shareholders of shares by way of bonus, to the extent to which the company possesses accumulated profits, whether capitalised or not ; |
| (c) | | any distribution made to the shareholders of a company on its liquidation, to the extent to which the distribution is attributable to the accumulated profits of the company immediately before its liquidation, whether capitalised or not ; |
| (d) | | any distribution to its shareholders by a company on the reduction of its capital, to the extent to which the company possesses accumulated profits which arose after the end of the previous year ending next before the 1st day of April, 1933, whether such accumulated profits have been capitalised or not ; |
| (e) | | any payment by a company, not being a company in which the public are substantially interested, of any sum (whether as representing a part of the assets of the company or otherwise) made after the 31st day of May, 1987, by way of advance or loan to a shareholder, being a person who is the beneficial owner of shares (not being shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend whether with or without a right to participate in profits) holding not less than ten per cent of the voting power, or to any concern in which such shareholder is a member or a partner and in which he has a substantial interest (hereafter in this clause referred to as the said concern) or any payment by any such company on behalf, or for the individual benefit, of any such shareholder, to the extent to which the company in either case possesses accumulated profits; |
| 2[(f) | | any payment by a company on purchase of its own shares from a shareholder in accordance with the provisions of section 68 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);] |
| | Explanation 1.—The expression "accumulated profits", wherever it occurs in this clause, shall not include capital gains arising before the 1st day of April, 1946, or after the 31st day of March, 1948, and before the 1st day of April, 1956. |
| | Explanation 2.—The expression "accumulated profits" in sub-clauses (a), (b), (d) and (e), shall include all profits of the company up to the date of distribution or payment referred to in those sub-clauses, and in sub-clause (c) shall include all profits of the company up to the date of liquidation, but shall not, where the liquidation is consequent on the compulsory acquisition of its undertaking by the Government or a corporation owned or controlled by the Government under any law for the time being in force, include any profits of the company prior to three successive previous years immediately preceding the previous year in which such acquisition took place. |
| | Explanation 2A.—In the case of an amalgamated company, the accumulated profits, whether capitalised or not, or loss, as the case may be, shall be increased by the accumulated profits, whether capitalised or not, of the amalgamating company on the date of amalgamation. |
| | Explanation 3.—For the purposes of this clause,— |
| (a) | | "concern" means a Hindu undivided family, or a firm or an association of persons or a body of individuals or a company ; |
| (b) | | a person shall be deemed to have a substantial interest in a concern, other than a company, if he is, at any time during the previous year, beneficially entitled to not less than twenty per cent of the income of such concern ; |
| 5[(c) | | "Finance Company" and "Finance Unit" shall have the same meaning as assigned respectively to them in clauses (e) and (f) of sub-regulation (1) of regulation 2 of the International Financial Services Centres Authority (Finance Company) Regulations, 2021 made under the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019 (50 of 2019): |
| | Provided that such Finance Company or Finance Unit, is set up as a global or regional corporate treasury centre for undertaking treasury activities or treasury services as per the relevant regulations made by the International Financial Services Centres Authority established under section 4 of the said Act; |
| |
| (d) | | "group entity", "parent entity" and "principal entity" shall be such entities which satisfy such conditions as prescribed in this behalf;] |
| (i) | | profits and gains ; |
| (ii) | | dividend ; |
| (iia) | | voluntary contributions received by a trust created wholly or partly for charitable or religious purposes or by an institution established wholly or partly for such purposes or by an association or institution referred to in clause (21) or clause (23), or by a fund or trust or institution referred to in sub-clause (iv) or sub-clause (v) or by any university or other educational institution referred to in sub-clause (iiiad) or sub-clause (vi) or by any hospital or other institution referred to in sub-clause (iiiae) or sub-clause (via) of clause (23C) of section 10 or by an electoral trust. |
| | Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-clause, "trust" includes any other legal obligation ; |
| (iii) | | the value of any perquisite or profit in lieu of salary taxable under clauses (2) and (3) of section 17 ; |
| (iiia) | | any special allowance or benefit, other than perquisite included under sub-clause (iii), specifically granted to the assessee to meet expenses wholly, necessarily and exclusively for the performance of the duties of an office or employment of profit ; |
| (iiib) | | any allowance granted to the assessee either to meet his personal expenses at the place where the duties of his office or employment of profit are ordinarily performed by him or at a place where he ordinarily resides or to compensate him for the increased cost of living ; |
| (iv) | | the value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into money or not, obtained from a company either by a director or by a person who has a substantial interest in the company, or by a relative of the director or such person, and any sum paid by any such company in respect of any obligation which, but for such payment, would have been payable by the director or other person aforesaid ; |
| (iva) | | the value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into money or not, obtained by any representative assessee mentioned in clause (iii) or clause (iv) of sub-section (1) of section 160 or by any person on whose behalf or for whose benefit any income is receivable by the representative assessee (such person being hereafter in this sub-clause referred to as the "beneficiary") and any sum paid by the representative assessee in respect of any obligation which, but for such payment, would have been payable by the beneficiary ; |
| (v) | | any sum chargeable to income-tax under clauses (ii) and (iii) of section 28 or section 41 or section 59 ; |
| (va) | | any sum chargeable to income-tax under clause (iiia) of section 28; |
| (vb) | | any sum chargeable to income-tax under clause (iiib) of section 28; |
| (vc) | | any sum chargeable to income-tax under clause (iiic) of section 28; |
| (vd) | | the value of any benefit or perquisite taxable under clause (iv) of section 28 ; |
| (ve) | | any sum chargeable to income-tax under clause (v) of section 28; |
| (vi) | | any capital gains chargeable under section 45 ; |
| (vii) | | the profits and gains of any business of insurance carried on by a mutual insurance company or by a co-operative society, computed in accordance with section 44 or any surplus taken to be such profits and gains by virtue of provisions contained in the First Schedule ; |
| (viia) | | the profits and gains of any business of banking (including providing credit facilities) carried on by a co-operative society with its members; |
| (viii) | | [Omitted by the Finance Act, 1988, w.e.f. 1-4-1988. Original sub-clause (viii) was inserted by the Finance Act, 1964, w.e.f. 1-4-1964;] |
| (ix) | | any winnings from lotteries, crossword puzzles, races including horse races, card games and other games of any sort or from gambling or betting of any form or nature whatsoever. |
| | Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-clause,— |
| (x) | | any sum received by the assessee from his employees as contributions to any provident fund or superannuation fund or any fund set up under the provisions of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 (34 of 1948), or any other fund for the welfare of such employees ; |
| (xi) | | any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy including the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy. |
| | Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, the expression "Keyman insurance policy" shall have the meaning assigned to it in the Explanation to clause (10D) of section 10 ; |
| (xii) | | any sum referred to in clause (va) of section 28; |
| (xiia) | | the fair market value of inventory referred to in clause (via) of section 28; |
| (xiii) | | any sum referred to in clause (v) of sub-section (2) of section 56; |
| (xiv) | | any sum referred to in clause (vi) of sub-section (2) of section 56; |
| (xv) | | any sum of money or value of property referred to in clause (vii) or clause (viia) of sub-section (2) of section 56; |
| (xvi) | | any consideration received for issue of shares as exceeds the fair market value of the shares referred to in clause (viib) of sub-section (2) of section 56; |
| (xvii) | | any sum of money referred to in clause (ix) of sub-section (2) of section 56; |
| (xviia) | | any sum of money or value of property referred to in clause (x) of sub-section (2) of section 56; |
| (xviib) | | any compensation or other payment referred to in clause (xi) of sub-section (2) of section 56; |
| 6[(xviic) | | any sum referred to in clause (xii) of sub-section (2) of section 56; |
| (xviid) | | any sum referred to in clause (xiii) of sub-section (2) of section 56;] |
| (xviii) | | assistance in the form of a subsidy or grant or cash incentive or duty drawback or waiver or concession or reimbursement (by whatever name called) by the Central Government or a State Government or any authority or body or agency in cash or kind to the assessee other than,— |
| | Provided that the registered or, as the case may be, principal office of the company, corporation, institution, association or body in all cases is in India ; |
| (26A) | | "infrastructure capital company" means such company which makes investments by way of acquiring shares or providing long-term finance to any enterprise or undertaking wholly engaged in the business referred to in sub-section (4) of section 80-IA or sub-section (1) of section 80-IAB or an undertaking developing and building a housing project referred to in sub-section (10) of section 80-IB or a project for constructing a hotel of not less than three-star category as classified by the Central Government or a project for constructing a hospital with at least one hundred beds for patients; |
| (26B) | | "infrastructure capital fund" means such fund operating under a trust deed registered under the provisions of the Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908) established to raise monies by the trustees for investment by way of acquiring shares or providing long-term finance to any enterprise or undertaking wholly engaged in the business referred to in sub-section (4) of section 80-IA or sub-section (1) of section 80-IAB or an undertaking developing and building a housing project referred to in sub-section (10) of section 80-IB or a project for constructing a hotel of not less than three-star category as classified by the Central Government or a project for constructing a hospital with at least one hundred beds for patients; |
| (27) | | [***] |
| (28) | | "Inspector of Income-tax" means a person appointed to be an Inspector of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117 ; |
| (28A) | | "interest" means interest payable in any manner in respect of any moneys borrowed or debt incurred (including a deposit, claim or other similar right or obligation) and includes any service fee or other charge in respect of the moneys borrowed or debt incurred or in respect of any credit facility which has not been utilised ; |
| (28B) | | "interest on securities" means,— |
| (28BB) | | "insurer" means an insurer, being an Indian insurance company, as defined under clause (7A) of section 2 of the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938), which has been granted a certificate of registration under section 3 of that Act; |
| (28C) | | "Joint Commissioner" means a person appointed to be a Joint Commissioner of Income-tax or an Additional Commissioner of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117; |
| 7[(28CA) | | "Joint Commissioner (Appeals)" means a person appointed to be a Joint Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) or an Additional Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) under sub-section (1) of section 117;] |
| (28D) | | "Joint Director" means a person appointed to be a Joint Director of Income-tax or an Additional Director of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117; |
| (29) | | "legal representative" has the meaning assigned to it in clause (11) of section 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) ; |
| (29A) | | "liable to tax", in relation to a person and with reference to a country, means that there is an income-tax liability on such person under the law of that country for the time being in force and shall include a person who has subsequently been exempted from such liability under the law of that country; |
| (29AA) | | "long-term capital asset" means a capital asset which is not a short-term capital asset ; |
| (29B) | | "long-term capital gain" means capital gain arising from the transfer of a long-term capital asset ; |
| (29BA) | | "manufacture", with its grammatical variations, means a change in a non-living physical object or article or thing,— |
| | Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, an association of persons or a body of individuals or a local authority or an artificial juridical person shall be deemed to be a person, whether or not such person or body or authority or juridical person was formed or established or incorporated with the object of deriving income, profits or gains; |
| (32) | | "person who has a substantial interest in the company", in relation to a company, means a person who is the beneficial owner of shares, not being shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend whether with or without a right to participate in profits, carrying not less than twenty per cent of the voting power ; |
| (33) | | "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act ; |
| (34) | | "previous year" means the previous year as defined in section 3 ; |
| (34A) | | "Principal Chief Commissioner of Income-tax" means a person appointed to be a Principal Chief Commissioner of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117; |
| (34B) | | "Principal Commissioner of Income-tax" means a person appointed to be a Principal Commissioner of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117; |
| (34C) | | "Principal Director of Income-tax" means a person appointed to be a Principal Director of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117; |
| (34D) | | "Principal Director General of Income-tax" means a person appointed to be a Principal Director General of Income-tax under sub-section (1) of section 117; |
| (35) | | "principal officer", used with reference to a local authority or a company or any other public body or any association of persons or any body of individuals, means— |
| (38) | | "recognised provident fund" means a provident fund which has been and continues to be recognised by the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Commissioner or Commissioner in accordance with the rules contained in Part A of the Fourth Schedule, and includes a provident fund established under a scheme framed under the Employees' Provident Funds Act, 1952 (19 of 1952) ; |
| (39) | | [Omitted by the Finance Act, 1992, w.e.f. 1-4-1993;] |
| (40) | | "regular assessment" means the assessment made under sub-section (3) of section 143 or section 144 ; |
| (41) | | "relative", in relation to an individual, means the husband, wife, brother or sister or any lineal ascendant or descendant of that individual ; |
| (41A) | | "resulting company" means one or more companies (including a wholly owned subsidiary thereof) to which the undertaking of the demerged company is transferred in a demerger and, the resulting company in consideration of such transfer of undertaking, issues shares to the shareholders of the demerged company and includes any authority or body or local authority or public sector company or a company established, constituted or formed as a result of demerger; |
| (42) | | "resident" means a person who is resident in India within the meaning of section 6 ; |
| (42A) | | "short-term capital asset" means a capital asset held by an assessee for not more than 9[twenty-four] months immediately preceding the date of its transfer : |
| | Provided that in the case of a security 10[***] listed in a recognized stock exchange in India or a unit of the Unit Trust of India established under the Unit Trust of India Act, 1963 (52 of 1963) or a unit of an equity oriented fund or a zero coupon bond, the provisions of this clause shall have effect as if for the words 11"[twenty-four] months", the words "twelve months" had been substituted: |
| | Provided further that in case of a share of a company (not being a share listed in a recognised stock exchange) or a unit of a Mutual Fund specified under clause (23D) of section 10, which is transferred during the period beginning on the 1st day of April, 2014 and ending on the 10th day of July, 2014, the provisions of this clause shall have effect as if for the words "thirty-six months", the words "twelve months" had been substituted 12[as it stood immediately prior to the commencement of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2024]. |
| | 12a[***] |
| | Explanation 1.—(i) In determining the period for which any capital asset is held by the assessee— |
| (a) | | in the case of a share held in a company in liquidation, there shall be excluded the period subsequent to the date on which the company goes into liquidation ; |
| (b) | | in the case of a capital asset which becomes the property of the assessee in the circumstances mentioned in sub-section (1) of section 49, there shall be included the period for which the asset was held by the previous owner referred to in the said section ; |
| (ba) | | in the case of a capital asset referred to in clause (via) of section 28, the period shall be reckoned from the date of its conversion or treatment; |
| (c) | | in the case of a capital asset being a share or shares in an Indian company, which becomes the property of the assessee in consideration of a transfer referred to in clause (vii) of section 47, there shall be included the period for which the share or shares in the amalgamating company were held by the assessee ; |
| (d) | | in the case of a capital asset, being a share or any other security (hereafter in this clause referred to as the financial asset) subscribed to by the assessee on the basis of his right to subscribe to such financial asset or subscribed to by the person in whose favour the assessee has renounced his right to subscribe to such financial asset, the period shall be reckoned from the date of allotment of such financial asset ; |
| (e) | | in the case of a capital asset, being the right to subscribe to any financial asset, which is renounced in favour of any other person, the period shall be reckoned from the date of the offer of such right by the company or institution, as the case may be, making such offer ; |
| (f) | | in the case of a capital asset, being a financial asset, allotted without any payment and on the basis of holding of any other financial asset, the period shall be reckoned from the date of the allotment of such financial asset ; |
| (g) | | in the case of a capital asset, being a share or shares in an Indian company, which becomes the property of the assessee in consideration of a demerger, there shall be included the period for which the share or shares held in the demerged company were held by the assessee ; |
| (h) | | in the case of a capital asset, being trading or clearing rights of a recognised stock exchange in India acquired by a person pursuant to demutualisation or corporatisation of the recognised stock exchange in India as referred to in clause (xiii) of section 47, there shall be included the period for which the person was a member of the recognised stock exchange in India immediately prior to such demutualisation or corporatisation; |
| (ha) | | in the case of a capital asset, being equity share or shares in a company allotted pursuant to demutualisation or corporatisation of a recognised stock exchange in India as referred to in clause(xiii) of section 47, there shall be included the period for which the person was a member of the recognised stock exchange in India immediately prior to such demutualisation or corporatisation; |
| (hb) | | in the case of a capital asset, being any specified security or sweat equity shares allotted or transferred, directly or indirectly, by the employer free of cost or at concessional rate to his employees (including former employee or employees), the period shall be reckoned from the date of allotment or transfer of such specified security or sweat equity shares; |
| (hc) | | in the case of a capital asset, being a unit of a business trust, allotted pursuant to transfer of share or shares as referred to in clause (xvii) of section 47, there shall be included the period for which the share or shares were held by the assessee; |
| (hd) | | in the case of a capital asset, being a unit or units, which becomes the property of the assessee in consideration of a transfer referred to in clause (xviii)of section 47, there shall be included the period for which the unit or units in the consolidating scheme of the mutual fund were held by the assessee; |
| (he) | | in the case of a capital asset, being share or shares of a company, which is acquired by the non-resident assessee on redemption of Global Depository Receipts referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 115AC held by such assessee, the period shall be reckoned from the date on which a request for such redemption was made; |
| (hf) | | in the case of a capital asset, being equity shares in a company, which becomes the property of the assessee in consideration of a transfer referred to in clause (xb) of section 47, there shall be included the period for which the preference shares were held by the assessee; |
| (hg) | | in the case of a capital asset, being a unit or units, which becomes the property of the assessee in consideration of a transfer referred to in clause (xix) of section 47, there shall be included the period for which the unit or units in the consolidating plan of a mutual fund scheme were held by the assessee; |
| (hh) | | in the case of a capital asset, being a unit or units in a segregated portfolio referred to in sub-section (2AG) of section 49, there shall be included the period for which the original unit or units in the main portfolio were held by the assessee; |
| 13[(hi) | | in the case of a capital asset, being— |
| (42B) | | "short-term capital gain" means capital gain arising from the transfer of a short-term capital asset ; |
| (42C) | | "slump sale" means the transfer of one or more undertaking, by any means, for a lump sum consideration without values being assigned to the individual assets and liabilities in such transfer. |
| | Explanation 1.—For the purposes of this clause, "undertaking" shall have the meaning assigned to it in Explanation 1 to clause (19AA). |
| | Explanation 2.—For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the determination of the value of an asset or liability for the sole purpose of payment of stamp duty, registration fees or other similar taxes or fees shall not be regarded as assignment of values to individual assets or liabilities. |
| | Explanation 3.—For the purposes of this clause, "transfer" shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (47); |
| (43) | | "tax" in relation to the assessment year commencing on the 1st day of April, 1965, and any subsequent assessment year means income-tax chargeable under the provisions of this Act, and in relation to any other assessment year income-tax and super-tax chargeable under the provisions of this Act prior to the aforesaid date and in relation to the assessment year commencing on the 1st day of April, 2006, and any subsequent assessment year includes the fringe benefit tax payable under section 115WA ; |
| (43A) | | "tax credit certificate" means a tax credit certificate granted to any person in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XXII-B and any scheme made thereunder ; |
| (43B) | | [***] |
| (44) | | "Tax Recovery Officer" means any Income-tax Officer who may be authorised by the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Commissioner or Commissioner, by general or special order in writing, to exercise the powers of a Tax Recovery Officer and also to exercise or perform such powers and functions which are conferred on, or assigned to, an Assessing Officer under this Act and which may be prescribed; |
| (45) | | "total income" means the total amount of income referred to in section 5, computed in the manner laid down in this Act ; |
| (46) | | [***] |
| (47) | | "transfer", in relation to a capital asset, includes,— |
| (i) | | the sale, exchange or relinquishment of the asset ; or |
| (ii) | | the extinguishment of any rights therein ; or |
| (iii) | | the compulsory acquisition thereof under any law ; or |
| (iv) | | in a case where the asset is converted by the owner thereof into, or is treated by him as, stock-in-trade of a business carried on by him, such conversion or treatment ; or |
| (iva) | | the maturity or redemption of a zero coupon bond; or |
| (v) | | any transaction involving the allowing of the possession of any immovable property to be taken or retained in part performance of a contract of the nature referred to in section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882) ; or |
| (vi) | | any transaction (whether by way of becoming a member of, or acquiring shares in, a co-operative society, company or other association of persons or by way of any agreement or any arrangement or in any other manner whatsoever) which has the effect of transferring, or enabling the enjoyment of, any immovable property. |
| (a) | | any information or code or number or token (not being Indian currency or foreign currency), generated through cryptographic means or otherwise, by whatever name called, providing a digital representation of value exchanged with or without consideration, with the promise or representation of having inherent value, or functions as a store of value or a unit of account including its use in any financial transaction or investment, but not limited to investment scheme; and can be transferred, stored or traded electronically; |
| (b) | | a non-fungible token or any other token of similar nature, by whatever name called; |
| (c) | | any other digital asset, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette specify: |
| | Following sub-clause (d) shall be inserted after sub-clause (c) of clause (47A) of section 2 by the Finance Act, 2025, w.e.f. 1-4-2026: |
| (d) | | any crypto-asset being a digital representation of value that relies on a cryptographically secured distributed ledger or a similar technology to validate and secure transactions, whether or not such asset is included in sub-clause (a) or sub-clause (b) or sub-clause (c): |
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| | Provided that the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, exclude any digital asset from the definition of virtual digital asset subject to such conditions as may be specified therein. |